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Silicon is the second most abundant element in earth’s crust. It was discovered in 1823 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Silicon has tremendous uses including manufacturing of ceramic, glass, synthetic polymers and is an essential part of integrated circuits.

1. Silicon Atomic Mass
2. Atomic No Of Silicon Element
3. Silicon Atomic Number

1. Natural silicon contains 92.2% of the isotope 28, 4.7% of silicon 29 and 3.1% of silicon 30. Apart from those stable natural isotopes, various radiactive artificial isotopes are known. Elemental silicon has the physical properties of metalloids, similar to the ones or germanium, situated under it in the group IV of the periodic table.
2. What is the electronic configuration of silicon Atomic no.=14, Mass number=28?

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.The closest shell to the nucleus is called the '1 shell' (also called the 'K shell'), followed by the '2 shell' (or 'L shell'), then the '3 shell' (or 'M shell'), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus.

History and Discovery

Compounds of silicon were used long before the discovery of silicon. Antoine Lavoisier (1787) tried reducing silica, an oxide of silicon, to isolate silicon but failed. Sir Humphry Davy, in 1808 named the element silicium but also failed to isolate the element. The element was given its present name, silicon, by Thomas Thomson in 1817. Gay Lussac and Thenard successfully prepared impure amorphous silicon in 1811 but they did not characterize it as a new element. In 1823, silicon was finally prepared in pure form by Jöns Jacob Berzelius and hence given credit for its discovery [1]. Crystalline form of silicon was prepared, 31 years later, by Deville in 1854.

Silicon

Occurrence

Silicon is the second most abundant element present in the earth’s crust. It is the seventh most abundant element in the universe. Silicon is formed through the oxygen-burning process in stars. Silicon reacts with oxygen to make silicon dioxide or silicates. Silicate minerals make up over 90% of earth’s crust. Silicon is rarely found in pure form. Group of minerals composed of silicon and oxygen are named silica. Silica is mostly found in crystalline state. Silicon minerals make up 90% of the earth’s crust and it can be used industrially in its naturally occurring form which makes it cheap and easily available raw material.

Physical Characteristics

Silicon is a brittle and hard crystalline solid. It has blue-grey metallic lustre. Silicon, in comparison with neighbouring elements in the periodic table, is unreactive. The symbol for silicon is Si with atomic number 14. It has a very high melting and boiling point. At standard conditions silicon also makes a giant covalent structure like other group 14 elements of periodic table do.

Chemical Characteristics

At room temperature, pure silicon acts as an insulator. Silicon is a semiconductor at standard temperature and pressure. Silicon is inert in crystalline form at low temperatures. Its conductivity increases with high temperature. Silicon readily reacts with oxygen [2]. It reacts with air above 900-degree centigrade. Melted silicon becomes very reactive and has to be stored in unreactive, refractory material to avoid any chemical reaction.

Significance and Uses

• Silicon minerals are used as structural compounds for instance as clays, silica sand, building mortar, stucco and building stones.
• Silicon minerals are used in making concrete.
• Silica is used to make fire brick (refractory brick) which is used in lining of furnace.
• It is used in making whiteware ceramics such as soda lime glass and porcelain.
• Silica is used in making optical fibre which has vast uses in telecommunications and computer networking.
• It is used in making fibreglass and glass wool which are used for structural support and thermal insulation.
• Silicon is used in making mechanical seals and waterproofing.
• Waxes and high-temperature greases are made using silicon.
• For medical purposes, silicon is used in breast implants and contact lenses.
• Silicon is used in making superalloys.
• Silicon is used for making silicon wafers which has wide applications in the semiconductor industry.
• Silicon is also essential for human beings i.e. skin, nail, hair and bone density of human beings depends on the amount of silicon present.
• Synthetic polymers called silicones are produced using silicon.
• Solar cells, semiconductors detectors, transistors and other semiconductor devices used in computer industry are made using silicon.
• Silicon is a crucial part of integrated circuits (ICs) which have vital importance in our electronic appliances, for instance, computers and cell phones [5].
• Free silicon is used for casting of aluminium and steel refining industry.

Health Effects

Silicon is slightly hazardous. If crystalline silica is inhaled, it may lead to lung disease such as asthma or inflammation in upper lobes of lungs. Exposure of elemental silicon can cause eye or skin irritation.

Isotopes of Silicon

Silicon has three stable isotopes; Si-28, Si-29 and Si-30. Of these three naturally occurring isotopes Si-28 is the most abundant as it is produced in stars as well as during nuclear fusion reaction. The remaining two isotopes of silicon form only 7% of the naturally occurring silicon. So far twenty radioisotopes of silicon have been characterized. Most of these radioisotopes have half-life of few seconds only. Unstable isotopes of silicon decay to form aluminium or phosphorus isotopes.

REFERENCES

[1]. Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). “The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum”. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412.

[2]. Voronkov, M. G. (2007). “Silicon era”. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397

[3]. Rahman, Atta-ur- (2008-09-24). “Silicon”. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 35. p. 856. ISBN 978-0-444-53181-0

[4]. Jugdaohsingh, R. (Mar–Apr 2007). “Silicon and bone health”. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 11 (2): 99–110. PMC 2658806.

[5]. Cheung, Rebecca (2006). Silicon carbide microelectromechanical systems for harsh environments. Imperial College Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-86094-624-0

Other Periodic Table Elements

• Copernicium

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• Tennessine

  Tennessine is a synthetic element that was discovered in 2010. It is highly radioactive and…

• Antimony

  Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray…

The Commission has noted that, while new values with considerably smaller uncertainties (uncertainty0.000 12 on an atomic-weight value of 28.085 65) had been determined on Si isotopic reference materials, the range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial materials prevent a more precisestandard atomic weight being given. δ³⁰Si measurements are expressed relative to NBS 28 SiO₂ as distributedby IAEA and NIST. The lowest δ³⁰Si value (−3.7 ‰) is reported from biogenicsponge spicules for which x(³⁰Si) = 0.030 816 and A_r(Si) = 28.085 22.The highest δ³⁰Si value (+3.4 ‰) is reported from silicified algal matter in sediments forwhich x(³⁰Si) = 0.031 023 and A_r(Si) = 28.085 78.

In recent history, A_r(Si) determinations have been directly related to attempts to establish as accuratelyas possible the relationship between atomic unit of mass (dalton) and the macroscopic SI unit of mass (kilogram) as representedby determinations of Avogadro constant.

Radioactive ³²Si is a cosmogenic isotope, and it is potentially available from the nuclear industryin sufficient quantities to make it of value in isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements, given its relatively long half-life.

Silicon Atomic Mass

CIAAW

Silicon
A_r(Si) = [28.084, 28.086] since 2009
The name derives from the Latin silex and silicis for 'flint'. Amorphous silicon was discovered by theSwedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824. Crystalline silicon was first prepared by the Frenchchemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854.

Natural variations of silicon isotopic composition Escort driver download.

Atomic No Of Silicon Element

Silicon Atomic Number

Isotopic reference materials of silicon.